Summer Blog

英语语法归纳

参考资料:

  1. 语法俱乐部 - 旅元佑

句子结构分类

简单句六个基本句型

简单句的分类,由谓语动词决定

有实意动词

  1. 不及物动词(可以主语独立完成) –> 主谓
  2. 及物动词 –> 主谓;主谓双宾(人+物);主谓宾

区分及物和不及物动词:

  1. 意思,看中文意思是否可以主语单独完成,不需要补充
  2. 介词,如果动词后面跟介词,为不及物动词

ie.

I look at you.
> 加了介宾,表明原来的动词是不及物动词

双宾语,人+物直接写,物+人需要加 for(表目的) 或者 to(表方向)
I bought you a present. --> I bought a present for you.
> 双宾语,表示目的使用for

They offered me a vacant post. --> They offered a vacant post to me.
> 双宾语,表示方向使用to

I find HongKong a good place for shopping.
I find HongKong very beautiful.
> 主谓宾补

无实意动词

  1. 连词(系动词) –> 主系表

ie.

I am very happy

简单句的核心变化(动词变化)

动词的时态(时间&状态);语态;情态;否定变化

时 态 过去 现在 将来 过去将来
一般 did do will do/ be going to would do/ was/were going to do
进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing 不常用
完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done 不常用
完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing will/shall have been doing 不常用

时态

一般过去

He was happy. He liked English.
He was not happy. He did not like English.
Was he happy? Did he like English?
How was he? What did he like?

过去式过去分词: 过去式用在一般过去式;过去分词用于完成时,被动语态,不做谓语

一般现在时

He is happy. You like English.
He is not happy. You don’t like English.
Is he happy? Do you like English?
How is he? What do you like?

一般将来时

He will leave. He is going to leave.
He won’t leave He is not going to leave
Will he leave? Is he going to leave?
What will he do? What is he going to do?

一般过去将来时

ie. I said that I would become a cooker in the future.

ie. Tommy finished his work, and then he would leave for London.

进行时

ie. At 10 o’clock yesterday some student were taking aan exam in their classroom.

ie. We are taking about the water pollution.

ie. A great many candidates will be meeting here at this time tomorrow.

现在完成时

过去完成时

ie. When he got there, she had left.

完成进行时

We have not won the match. –> 现在完成,强调结果

We have been working hard the several months. –> 现在完成进行,强调过程

语态

语态分为两种:主动,被动(客观为主体)

被动语态

时态 动词 例子
一般 am/is/are + done He is beaten every day.
过去 was/were + done He was beaten yesterday.
将来 will be + done He will be beaten tomorrow.
正在进行 am/is/are being + done He is being beaten.
现在完成 have/has been + done He has been beaten.

情态

表达情绪态度

现在时 过去时 表示情绪态度 表示推断
must - 必须,语气强 可能性最大
can could 能够,可以  
will would 愿意,将要 有可能
shall should 应该 有可能
may might 可以,可能 有可能

简单词主语/宾语/表语变化

  1. 动名词和不定式(doing/to do)可以做名词使用,在句子里担任主语/宾语/表语

ie. It’s good for your heath to laugh.
We enjoy reading books in the library.
Our main goal is to finish this job on time.

  1. 简单句子也可以有多个并列的主语、宾语、表语

介词

介词后面接三种:名词、代词、动名词, 一起构成介词短语

介词 意思
in 在里面
on 在上面
at 在点
from…to 从…到…
into 朝里面进去
onto 朝上面去
with 伴随着有
without 伴随着没有
of
by 通过…方式;被; 在旁边;截至;差额
for 跟时间表示,持续时间;为了
about 关于
between 两者之间
among 多人之间
across 平面穿过
through 里面穿过

非谓语

判断非谓语表示主动被动,看其修饰什么(名词或句子),根据他们的关系选择表示方式。 | 形式 | 表示 | 例子 | | —– | —- | —————————————— | | doing | 主动 | Passing planes can be heard night and day. | | done | 被动 | He bought a used car. | | to do | 目的 | I am coming to see you. |

同位语

和前面的名词是表示相同的意思的为同位语,是对名词的补充说明

My teacher, Mr.Lee, is coming to the meeting.

插入语

解释说明前面的名词,和前后句子都关系不大

My teacher, together with his colleagues, is coming to the meeting.

并列句

连接简单句,需要加上合适的连接词。当多个句子的重要性差不多时,可以写成并列句。并列句子中相同的部分可以省略,余下的可以保持不变。

表示
顺接 ..and..; both..and..; not only..but..as well; not only..but also..
转折 ..but..; ..yet..; ..while..
选择 ..or..; either..or..; neither..nor..(后面的谓语使用就近原则选择其形式)
因果 ..for..; ..so..;

复合句

名词性从句

根据从句所在的位置,可分为:

名词性从句写法相同,位置不同,其常见的引导词:that, weather, what

ie. 陈述句变宾语从句:I know that you are right.
疑问句变宾语从句:I know what she will say.
一般疑问句变宾语从句:I know whether/if he is happy.

定语从句

定语:修饰限定名词,相当与汉语中“的”前面的内容。

英语习惯不喜欢头重脚轻的句子,所以当定语是一个形容词时放在名词前面;当定语是短语或从句时放名词之后。

i.e.(使用斜体标注定语,加粗标注定语从句)
A beautiful girl from Mars who likes spring shared us a fascinating story about her people which moved us.

状语从句

状语:

根据状语从句作用,可分为:

特殊句式

强调句

i.e.(斜体标注强调的部分)
It was him that hit me.
It was through this site that I leaned about this project.

强调句两种方式:

倒装句

倒装句表示强调,正常:主谓(宾);倒装:谓主(宾)

i.e.
The Queen live long! -> Long live the Queen!
The bus comes. -> Here comes the bus.
We can win only we try harder. -> Only when we try harder can we win.

虚拟语气

条件状语从句

假设有可能发生的事情,主将从现

i.e.
If it rains, the event will be canceled.

虚拟语气

假设一件不可能发生的事情

时态

语态

非谓语

名词词组与冠词

名词短语

英语用词尾变化表示单、复数。在名词短语的开头,有一些符号来配合标示该名词的范围这种符号就是 “限定词”

  • his beautiful wife
  • a new book
  • many good students

以上名词词组都是三部分组成,his a many是限定词,beautiful new good是形容词,wife book students是名词。每个部分都可以省略:

the 的用法

the可视为thatthose的弱化形式。而thatthose是指示形容词,有明确的指示功能。所以凡是上下文中有明指或暗示时,也就是有“那个”的指示功能时,便要用定冠词the

定冠词与专有名词

专有名词和定冠词是有冲突、且不能并存的。有些例外如the Pacific其实是省略了Ocean

动词时态(这种方法貌似更难理解…)

一种简单(trick)的方法去理解语法中的时间(time)状态(aspect)是:把 be 动词当作动词,其后的分词则视为形容词补语。现在分词有正在进行的意思,过去分词有被动的意思。

一般时

一般时的动词可以清楚的交代此动作是发生于哪个时段。

过去时间

I was visiting clients the whole day yesterday.
句子中was是动词的一般过去式,visiting clients可视为一个现在分词的短语,作为形容词的补语来形容主语。现在分词表示一种持续性

The witness was being questioned in court when he had a heart attack.
句子中beingquestioned两个分词,都视为形容词。be动词是没有意义的,所以being的存在主要意义不在be,而在字尾-ing。这个字尾表示“正在”,所以being只要解释为“正在”就可以了。过去分词questioned也当形容词看,可是过去分词字尾-ed表示被动,配合question就解释为“被质询”,所以,beingquestioned`解释为“正在被质询”,用来做为主语“证人”的补语。动词 was 还是一般过去时。

现在时间

如果时间副词是now,或是以now为中心的或大或小的括弧,就要用一般现在时。真理以及事实要用一般现在时表示,此时now为中心的时间段,可以大到涵盖过去未来,才可以用来表示不变的真理。

According to the NASA survey,the ozone layer is being depleted.
时态是 now 所以用动词一般现在时isbeing depleted当作补语,being只有词尾-ing有意义,表示“正在”。depleted中的-ed表示被动,两个次结合表示“正在被消耗”。

未来时间

发生在now之后的事,也涉及语气问题的变化。

Don’t call me at six tomorrow. I’ll still be sleeping then.
明天是未来的时间,所以用will besleeping是补语-ing表示持续。

完成时

完成时并不对动作发生的时段做明确的交代,只表示“曾经”、“做过”。如果没有特别说明,“有…过”就是“到现在有…过”,是现在完成时。如果有一个明确的过去的截至时间,那就是之前有过,用过去完成时。如果有一个明确的未来的时间,就可以用未来完成时。

现在时间

I’m sure I have seen this face somewhere.
句子中am表示是现在,除此之外没有表示see发生在什么具体时间,所以主要强调“已经看到”,所以用have seen

We have been working overtime for a week to fill your order.
be当作动词来看,have been表示完成时,因为句中的时间for a week是“到现在为止的一星期”,强调的是已经。working是补语,表示持续性,来形容主语“我们”。

过去时间

Many people had died from pneumonia before the discovery of penicillin.
有明确的过去时间before...,又没有具体的时间,强调已经所以用过去完成时had died

I had been smoking three packs of cigarettes a day before I decided to quit.
有明确的过去时间before...,没有具体时间,强调已经用过去完成时had beensmoking three packs是形容词短语,-ing强调持续

未来时间

Next April, I will have worked here for 20 years.

Come back at 5:00. You car will have been fixed by then.


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